                                   Tux Paint
                    version 0.9.30 Advanced Stamps 'How-To'

      Copyright © 2006-2022 by Albert Cahalan and others; see AUTHORS.txt.
                             https://tuxpaint.org/

                                  June 4, 2022

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   +----------------------------------------+
   |Table of Contents                       |
   |----------------------------------------|
   |  * About this 'How-To'                 |
   |  * Image choice is crucial             |
   |  * Prepare the mask                    |
   |  * Replace the fringe and junk pixels  |
   |  * Save the image for Tux Paint        |
   +----------------------------------------+

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About this 'How-To'

     This 'How-To' assumes that you want to make an excellent Tux Paint
     stamp, in PNG bitmapped format, from a JPEG image (e.g., a digital
     photograph). There are easier and faster methods that produce lower
     quality.

     This 'How-To' assumes you are dealing with normal opaque objects.
     Dealing with semi-transparent objects (fire, moving fan blade, kid's
     balloon) or light-giving objects (fire, lightbulb, sun) is best done
     with custom software. Images with perfect solid-color backgrounds are
     also best done with custom software, but are not troublesome to do as
     follows.

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Image choice is crucial

  License

       If you wish to submit artwork to the Tux Paint developers for
       consideration for inclusion in the official project, or if you wish to
       release your own copy of Tux Paint, bundled with your own graphics,
       you need an image that is compatible with the GNU General Public
       License used by Tux Paint.

       Images produced by the US government are Public Domain, but be aware
       that the US government sometimes uses other images on the web. Google
       image queries including either site:gov or site:mil will supply many
       suitable images. (Note: the *.mil sites include non-military content,
       too!)

       Your own images can be placed in the Public Domain or a suitable
       license, such as the Creative Commons CC0 by declaring it so. (Hire a
       lawyer if you feel the need for legal advice.)

       For personal use, any image you can legitimately modify and use for
       your own personal use should be fine.

  Image Size and Orientation

       You need an image that has a useful orientation. Perspective is an
       enemy. Images that show an object from the corner are difficult to fit
       into a nice drawing. As a general rule, telephoto side views are the
       best. The impossible ideal is that, for example, two wheels of a car
       are perfectly hidden behind the other two.

       Rotating an image can make it blurry, especially if you only rotate by
       a few degrees. Images that don't need rotation are best, images that
       need lots of rotation (30 to 60 degrees) are next best, and images
       that need just a few degrees are worst. Rotation will also make an
       image darker because most image editing software is very bad about
       gamma handling. (Rotation is only legitimate for gamma=1.0 images.)

       Very large images are more forgiving of mistakes, and thus easier to
       work with. Choose an image with an object that is over 1000 pixels
       across if you can. You can shrink this later to hide your mistakes.

       Be sure that the image is not too grainy, dim, or washed out.

       Pay attention to feet and wheels. If they are buried in something, you
       will need to draw new ones. If only one is buried, you might be able
       to copy the other one as a replacement.

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Prepare the image

     First of all, be sure to avoid re-saving the image as a JPEG. This
     causes quality loss. There is a special tool called jpegtran that lets
     you crop an image without the normal quality loss.

       jpegtran -trim -copy none -crop 512x1728+160+128 < src.jpg >
       cropped.jpg

     Bring that image up in your image editor. If you didn't crop it yet, you
     may find that your image editor is very slow. Rotate and crop the image
     as needed. Save the image — choose whatever native format supports
     layers, masks, alpha, etc. GIMP users should choose "XCF", and Adobe
     Photoshop users should choose "PSD", for example.

     If you have rotated or cropped the image in your image editor, flatten
     it now. You need to have just one RGB layer without mask or alpha.

     Open the layers dialog box. Replicate the one layer several times. From
     top to bottom you will need something like this:

      1. unmodified image (write-protect this if you can)
      2. an image you will modify — the "work in progress" layer
      3. solid green (write-protect this if you can)
      4. solid magenta (write-protect this if you can)
      5. unmodified image (write-protect this if you can)

     Give the work in progress (WIP) layer a rough initial mask. You might
     start with a selection, or by using the grayscale value of the WIP
     layer. You might invert the mask.

     Warning: once you have the mask, you may not rotate or scale the image
     normally. This would cause data loss. You will be given special scaling
     instructions later.

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Prepare the mask

     Get used to doing [Control]-click and [Alt]-click on the thumbnail
     images in the layers dialog. You will need this to control what you are
     looking at and what you are editing. Sometimes you will be editing
     things you can't see. For example, you might edit the mask of the WIP
     layer while looking at the unmodified image. Pay attention so you don't
     screw up. Always verify that you are editing the right thing.

     Set an unmodified image as what you will view (the top one is easiest).
     Set the WIP mask as what you will edit. At some point, perhaps not
     immediately, you should magnify the image to about 400% (each pixel of
     the image is seen and edited as a 4x4 block of pixels on your screen).

     Select parts of the image that need to be 100% opaque or 0% opaque. If
     you can select the object or background somewhat accurately by color, do
     so. As needed to avoid selecting any pixels that should be partially
     opaque (generally at the edge of the object) you should grow, shrink,
     and invert the selection.

     Fill the 100% opaque areas with white, and the 0% opaque areas with
     black. This is most easily done by drag-and-drop from the
     foreground/background color indicator. You should not see anything
     happen, because you are viewing the unmodified image layer while editing
     the mask of the WIP layer. Large changes might be noticable in the
     thumbnail.

     Now you must be zoomed in.

     Check your work. Hide the top unmodified image layer. Display just the
     mask, which should be a white object on a black background (probably
     with unedited grey at the edge). Now display the WIP layer normally, so
     that the mask is active. This should show your object over top of the
     next highest enabled layer, which should be green or magenta as needed
     for maximum contrast. You might wish to flip back and forth between
     those backgrounds by repeatedly clicking to enable/disable the green
     layer. Fix any obvious and easy problems by editing the mask while
     viewing the mask.

     Go back to viewing the top unmodified layer while editing the WIP mask.
     Set your drawing tool the paintbrush. For the brush, choose a small
     fuzzy circle. The 5x5 size is good for most uses.

     With a steady hand, trace around the image. Use black around the
     outside, and white around the inside. Avoid making more than one pass
     without switching colors (and thus sides).

     Flip views a bit, checking to see that the mask is working well. When
     the WIP layer is composited over the green or magenta, you should see a
     tiny bit of the original background as an ugly fringe around the edge.
     If this fringe is missing, then you made the object mask too small. The
     fringe consists of pixels that are neither 100% object nor 0% object.
     For them, the mask should be neither 100% nor 0%. The fringe gets
     removed soon.

     View and edit the mask. Select by color, choosing either black or white.
     Most likely you will see unselected specks that are not quite the
     expected color. Invert the selection, then paint these away using the
     pencil tool. Do this operation for both white and black.

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Replace the fringe and junk pixels

     Still viewing the mask, select by color. Choose black. Shrink the
     selection by several pixels, being sure to NOT shrink from the edges of
     the mask (the shrink helps you avoid and recover from mistakes).

     Now disable the mask. View and edit the unmasked WIP layer. Using the
     color picker tool, choose a color that is average for the object.
     Drag-and-drop this color into the selection, thus removing most of the
     non-object pixels.

     This solid color will compress well and will help prevent ugly color
     fringes when Tux Paint scales the image down. If the edge of the object
     has multiple colors that are very different, you should split up your
     selection so that you can color the nearby background to be similar.

     Now you will paint away the existing edge fringe. Be sure that you are
     editing and viewing the WIP image. Frequent layer visibility changes
     will help you to see what you are doing. You are likely to use all of:

       * composited over green (mask enabled)
       * composited over magenta (mask enabled)
       * original (the top or bottom layer)
       * composited over the original (mask enabled)
       * raw WIP layer (mask disabled)

     To reduce accidents, you may wish to select only those pixels that are
     not grey in the mask. (Select by color from the mask, choose black, add
     mode, choose white, invert. Alternately: Select all, select by color
     from the mask, subtract mode, choose black, choose white.) If you do
     this, you'll probably want to expand the selection a bit and/or hide the
     "crawling ants" line that marks the selection.

     Use the clone tool and the brush tool. Vary the opacity as needed. Use
     small round brushes mostly, perhaps 3x3 or 5x5, fuzzy or not. (It is
     generally nice to pair up fuzzy brushes with 100% opacity and non-fuzzy
     brushes with about 70% opacity.) Unusual drawing modes can be helpful
     with semi-transparent objects.

     The goal is to remove the edge fringe, both inside and outside of the
     object. The inside fringe, visible when the object is composited over
     magenta or green, must be removed for obvious reasons. The outside
     fringe must also be removed because it will become visible when the
     image is scaled down. As an example, consider a 2x2 region of pixels at
     the edge of a sharp-edged object. The left half is black and 0% opaque.
     The right half is white and 100% opaque. That is, we have a white object
     on a black background. When Tux Paint scales this to 50% (a 1x1 pixel
     area), the result will be a grey 50% opaque pixel. The correct result
     would be a white 50% opaque pixel. To get this result, we would paint
     away the black pixels. They matter, despite being 0% opaque.

     Tux Paint can scale images down by a very large factor, so it is
     important to extend the edge of your object outward by a great deal.
     Right at the edge of your object, you should be very accurate about
     this. As you go outward away from the object, you can get a bit sloppy.
     It is reasonable to paint outward by a dozen pixels or more. The farther
     you go, the more Tux Paint can scale down without creating ugly color
     fringes. For areas that are more than a few pixels away from the object
     edge, you should use the pencil tool (or sloppy select with
     drag-and-drop color) to ensure that the result will compress well.

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Save the image for Tux Paint

     It is very easy to ruin your hard work. Image editors can silently
     destroy pixels in 0% opaque areas. The conditions under which this
     happens may vary from version to version. If you are very trusting, you
     can try saving your image directly as a PNG. Be sure to read it back in
     again to verify that the 0% opaque areas didn't turn black or white,
     which would create fringes when Tux Paint scales the image down. If you
     need to scale your image to save space (and hide your mistakes), you are
     almost certain to destroy all the 0% opaque areas. So here is a better
     way...

  A Safer Way to Save

       Drag the mask from the layers dialog to the unused portion of the
       toolbar (right after the last drawing tool). This will create a new
       image consisting of one layer that contains the mask data. Scale this
       as desired, remembering the settings you use. Often you should start
       with an image that is about 700 to 1500 pixels across, and end up with
       one that is 300 to 400.

       Save the mask image as a NetPBM portable greymap (".pgm") file. (If
       you are using an old release of The GIMP, you might need to convert
       the image to greyscale before you can save it.) Choose the more
       compact "RAW PGM" format. (The second character of the file should be
       the ASCII digit "5", hex byte 0x35.)

       You may close the mask image.

       Going back to the multi-layer image, now select the WIP layer. As you
       did with the mask, drag this from the layers dialog to the toolbar.
       You should get a single-layer image of your WIP data. If the mask came
       along too, get rid of it. You should be seeing the object and the
       painted-away surroundings, without any mask thumbnail in the layers
       dialog. If you scaled the mask, then scale this image in exactly the
       same way. Save this image as a NetPBM portable pixmap (".ppm") file.
       (Note: .ppm, not .pgm.) (If you choose the RAW PPM format, the second
       byte of the file should be the ASCII digit "6", hex byte 0x36.)

       Now you need to merge the two files into one. Do that with the
       pnmtopng command, like this:

         pnmtopng -force -compression 9 -alpha mask.pgm fg.ppm >
         final-stamp.png
