                                   Tux Paint
                                 version 0.9.30

Magic Tool Plugin API Documentation

        Copyright © 2007-2023 by various contributors; see AUTHORS.txt.
                             https://tuxpaint.org/

                                 abril 13, 2023

             +----------------------------------------------------+
             |Table of Contents                                   |
             |----------------------------------------------------|
             |  * Prequisites                                     |
             |  * Interfaces                                      |
             |       * 'Magic' tool plugin functions              |
             |            * Common arguments to plugin functions  |
             |            * Required Plugin Functions             |
             |                 * Plugin "housekeeping" functions  |
             |                 * Plugin event functions           |
             |       * Tux Paint Functions and Data               |
             |            * Pixel Manipulations                   |
             |            * Helper Functions                      |
             |            * Informational                         |
             |            * Tux Paint System Calls                |
             |            * Color Conversions                     |
             |       * Helper Macros in "tp_magic_api.h"          |
             |       * Constant Definitions in "tp_magic_api.h"   |
             |  * Compiling                                       |
             |       * Linux and other Unix-like Platforms        |
             |       * Windows                                    |
             |       * macOS                                      |
             |  * Installing                                      |
             |       * Linux and other Unix-like Platforms        |
             |       * Windows                                    |
             |       * macOS                                      |
             |  * Creating plugins with multiple effects          |
             |  * Example Code                                    |
             |  * Getting Help                                    |
             |  * Glossary                                        |
             +----------------------------------------------------+

                                    Overview

   Beginning with version 0.9.18, Tux Paint's 'Magic' tools were converted
   from routines that lived within the application itself, to a set of
   'plugins' that are loaded when Tux Paint starts up.

   This division allows more rapid development of 'Magic' tools, and allows
   programmers to create and test new tools without needing to integrate them
   within the main Tux Paint source code. (Users of more professional
   graphics tools, such as GIMP, should be familiar with this plugin
   concept.)

                                 Prerequisites

   Tux Paint is written in the C programming language, and uses the Simple
   DirectMedia Layer library ('libSDL', or simply 'SDL'; available from
   https://www.libsdl.org/). Therefore, for the moment at least, one must
   understand the C language and how to compile C-based programs. Familiarity
   with the SDL API is highly recommended, but some basic SDL concepts will
   be covered in this document.

                                   Interfaces

   Those who create 'Magic' tool plugins for Tux Paint must provide some
   interfaces (C functions) that Tux Paint may invoke.

   Tux Paint utilizes SDL's "SDL_LoadObject()" and "SDL_LoadFunction()"
   routines to load plugins (shared objects files; e.g., ".so" files on Linux
   or ".dll" files on Windows) and find the functions within.

   In turn, Tux Paint provides a number of helper functions that the plugin
   may (or sometimes is required to) use. This is exposed as a C structure
   (or "struct") which contains pointers to functions and other data inside
   Tux Paint. A pointer to this structure gets passed along to the plugin's
   functions as an argument when Tux Paint invokes them.

   Plugins should #include the C header file "tp_magic_api.h", which exposes
   the 'Magic' tool plugin API. Also, when you run the C compiler to build a
   plugin, you should use the command-line tool "tp-magic-config" to get the
   appropriate compiler flags (such as where the compiler can find the Tux
   Paint plugin header file, as well as SDL's header files) for building a
   plugin. (See "Compiling", below.)

   The C header file and command-line tool mentioned above are included with
   Tux Paint — or in some cases, as part of a "Tux Paint 'Magic' Tool Plugin
   Development package".

'Magic' tool plugin functions

   'Magic' tool plugins must contain the functions listed below. Note: To
   avoid 'namespace' collisions, each function's name must start with the
   shared object's filename (e.g., "blur.so" or "blur.dll" would have
   functions whose names begin with "blur_"). This includes private functions
   (ones not used by Tux Paint directly), unless you declare those as
   'static'.

  Common arguments to plugin functions

   Here is a description of arguments that many of your plugin's functions
   will need to accept.

   magic_api * api

           Pointer to a C structure containing pointers to Tux Paint
           functions and other data that the plugin can (and sometimes
           should) use. The contents of this struct are described below.

           Note: The magic_api struct is defined in the C header file
           "tp_magic_api.h", which you should include at the top of your
           plugin's C source file:

             #include "tp_magic_api.h"

   int which
           An index the plugin should use to differentiate different 'Magic'
           tools, if the plugin provides more than one. (If not, "which" will
           always be 0.) See "Creating plugins with multiple effects", below.

   SDL_Surface * snapshot
           A snapshot of the previous Tux Paint canvas, taken when the the
           mouse was first clicked to activate the current magic tool. If you
           don't continuously affect the image during one hold of the mouse
           button, you should base your effects off the contents of this
           canvas. (That is, read from "snapshot" and write to "canvas",
           below.)

   SDL_Surface * canvas
           The current Tux Paint drawing canvas. Your magical effects should
           end up here!

   SDL_Rect * update_rect
           A pointer to an SDL 'rectangle' structure that you use to tell Tux
           Paint what part of the canvas has been updated. If your effect
           affects a 32x32 area centered around the mouse pointer, you would
           fill the SDL_Rect as follows:

             update_rect->x = x - 16;
             update_rect->y = y - 16;
             update_rect->w = 32;
             update_rect->h = 32;

           Or, if your effect changes the entire canvas (e.g., flips it
           upside-down), you'd fill it as follows:

             update_rect->x = 0;
             update_rect->y = 0;
             update_rect->w = canvas->w;
             update_rect->h = canvas->h;

           Note: "update_rect" is a C pointer (an "SDL_Rect *" rather than
           just an "SDL_Rect") because you need to fill in its contents.
           Since it is a pointer, you access its elements via "->" (arrow)
           rather than "." (dot).

  Required Plugin Functions

   Your plugin is required to contain, at the least, all of the following
   functions.

   Note: Remember, your plugin's function names must be preceded by your
   plugin's filename. That is, if your plugin is called "zoom.so" (on Linux)
   or "zoom.dll" (on Windows), then the names of your functions must begin
   with "zoom_" (e.g., "zoom_get_name(...)").

    Plugin "housekeeping" functions

   Uint32 api_version(void)

           The plugin should return an integer value representing the version
           of the Tux Paint 'Magic' tool plugin API the plugin was built
           against. The safest thing to do is return the value of
           TP_MAGIC_API_VERSION, which is defined in "tp_magic_api.h". If Tux
           Paint deems your plugin to be compatible, it will go ahead and use
           it.

           Note: Called once by Tux Paint, at startup. It is called first.

   int init(magic_api * api, Uint32 disabled_features)

           The plugin should do any initialization here. Return '1' if
           initialization was successful, or '0' if not (and Tux Paint will
           not present any 'Magic' tools from the plugin).

           Note: Called once by Tux Paint, at startup. It is called after
           "api_version()", if Tux Paint believes your plugin to be
           compatible.

           The disabled_features value contains bits set for any Tux Paint
           features relevant to Magic tools which have been disabled in this
           session. Test using the C bitwise 'and' operator, '&'. The
           features are defined in tp_magic_api.h:
              * MAGIC_FEATURE_CONTROL: Magic tool controls (paint vs
                fullscreen) (--nomagiccontrols)
              * MAGIC_FEATURE_SIZE: Magic tool size (--nomagicsizes)
           Your Magic tool(s) may wish to react differently depending on
           whether one or more features have been disabled. (For example, the
           "Brick" Magic tool always offered two tool variations: large and
           small. With the addition of the size feature, only one tool is
           necessary. However, with the size option disabled, the plugin is
           able to revert back to providing two separate tools.)

           Note: Changed most recently in Tux Paint 0.9.30; Magic API version
           0x00000008.

   int get_tool_count(magic_api * api)

           This should return the number of Magic tools this plugin provides
           to Tux Paint.

           Note: Called once by Tux Paint, at startup. It is called after
           your "init()", if it succeeded.

           Note: You may wish to resond differently, based on whether certain
           features have been disabled (e.g., 'paint' versus 'entire picture'
           controls, or 'Magic sizes' controls).

   int modes(magic_api * api, int which)

           This lets you tell Tux Paint what modes your tool can be used in;
           either as a tool the user can paint with, or a tool that affects
           the entire drawing at once.

           You must return a value that's some combination of one or more of
           available modes:
              * MODE_PAINT - freehand paint (click and drag)
              * MODE_FULLSCREEN - applies to full image with one click
              * MODE_PAINT_WITH_PREVIEW - freehand paint, with preview (click
                and drag)
              * MODE_ONECLICK - applies to an area around the mouse, with one
                click
           e.g., if your tool is only one that the user can paint with,
           return "MODE_PAINT". If the user can do both, return "MODE_PAINT |
           MODE_FULLSCREEN" to tell Tux Paint it can do both.

           Note: Called once for each Magic tool your plugin claims to
           contain (by your "get_tool_count()").

           Note: Added to Tux Paint 0.9.21; Magic API version 0x00000002.

   char * get_name(magic_api * api, int which)

           This should return a string containing the name of a magic tool.
           This will appear on the button in the 'Magic' selector within Tux
           Paint.

           Tux Paint will free() the string upon exit, so you should wrap it
           in a C strdup() call.

           Note: Called once for each Magic tool your plugin claims to
           contain (by your "get_tool_count()").

   int get_group(magic_api * api, int which)

           Use this to group tools together within sections of the 'Magic'
           selector. A number of groups are pre-defined within an enum found
           in "tp_magic_api.h":
              * MAGIC_TYPE_DISTORTS — Tools that distort the shape of the
                image, like Blur, Emboss, and Ripples
              * MAGIC_TYPE_COLOR_FILTERS — Tools that mostly affect the
                colors of the image without distortion, like Darken,
                Negative, and Tint
              * MAGIC_TYPE_PICTURE_WARPS — Tools that warp or move the entire
                picture, like Shift, Flip, and Waves
              * MAGIC_TYPE_PAINTING — Tools that generally paint new content
                at the cursor position, like Grass, Bricks, and Rails
              * MAGIC_TYPE_PATTERN_PAINTING — Tools that paint in multiple
                places at once, like Kaleidoscope and the Symmetry tools
              * MAGIC_TYPE_PICTURE_DECORATIONS — Tools that apply decorations
                to the entire picture, like Blinds and Checkboard
              * MAGIC_TYPE_ARTISTIC — Special-purpose artistic tools, like
                Flower, the String tools, and the Rainbow-arc-drawing tools.

           Note: Called once for each Magic tool your plugin claims to
           contain (by your "get_tool_count()").

           Note: Added to Tux Paint 0.9.27; Magic API version 0x00000005.

   SDL_Surface * get_icon(magic_api * api, int which)

           This should return an SDL_Surface containing the icon representing
           the tool. (A greyscale image with alpha, no larger than 40x40.)
           This will appear on the button in the 'Magic' selector within Tux
           Paint.

           Tux Paint will free ("SDL_FreeSurface()") the surface upon exit.

           Note: Called once for each Magic tool your plugin claims to
           contain (by your "get_tool_count()").

   char * get_description(magic_api * api, int which, int mode)

           This should return a string containing the description of how to
           use a particular magic tool. This will appear as a help tip,
           explained by Tux the Penguin, within Tux Paint.

           Tux Paint will free() the string upon exit, so you should wrap it
           in a C strdup() call.

           Note: For each Magic tool your plugin claims to contain (reported
           by your "get_tool_count()" function), this function will be called
           for each mode the tool claims to support (reported by your
           "modes()" function).

           In other words, if your plugin contains two tools, one which works
           in paint mode only, and the other that works in both paint mode
           and full-image mode, your plugin's "get_description()" will be
           called three times.

   int requires_colors(magic_api * api, int which)

           Return a '1' if the 'Magic' tool accepts colors (the 'Colors'
           palette in Tux Paint will be available), or '0' if not.

           Note: Called once for each Magic tool your plugin claims to
           contain (by your "get_tool_count()").

   Uint8 accepted_sizes(magic_api * api, int which, int mode)

           Return how many size variations the 'Magic' tool accepts, in the
           given mode (i.e., 'MODE_PAINT' or 'MODE_FULLSCREEN). Return a '0'
           if the 'Magic' tool should not offer sizing options. Returning '1'
           is the same as returning '0'.

           Note: For each Magic tool your plugin claims to contain (reported
           by your "get_tool_count()" function), this function will be called
           for each mode the tool claims to support (reported by your
           "modes()" function).

           Note: Added to Tux Paint 0.9.30; Magic API version 0x00000008.

   Uint8 default_size(magic_api * api, int which, int mode)

           Return the default size the 'Magic' tool should start out with, in
           the given mode. This will be the default setting for the tool the
           first time it is used during a Tux Paint session. If Tux Paint is
           being invoked with the sizing option disabled, this will be the
           only size requested by Tux Paint. Return a number between '1' and
           the amount you returned in accepted_sizes().

           Note: For each Magic tool your plugin claims to contain (reported
           by your "get_tool_count()" function), this function will be called
           for each mode the tool claims to support (reported by your
           "modes()" function).

           Note: Added to Tux Paint 0.9.30; Magic API version 0x00000008.

   void shutdown(magic_api * api)

           The plugin should do any cleanup here. If you allocated any memory
           or used SDL_Mixer to load any sounds during init(), for example,
           you should free() the allocated memory and Mix_FreeChunk() the
           sounds here.

           Note: This function is called once, when Tux Paint exits.

    Plugin event functions

   void switchin(magic_api * api, int which, int mode, SDL_Surface *
   snapshot, SDL_Surface * canvas)
   void switchout(magic_api * api, int which, int mode, SDL_Surface *
   snapshot, SDL_Surface * canvas)

           switchin() is called whenever one of the plugin's Magic tools
           becomes active, and switchout() is called whenever one becomes
           inactive. This can be because the user just clicked a specific
           Magic tool (the current one is switched-out, and a new one is
           switched-in).

           It can also happen when user leaves/returns from the selection of
           "Magic" tools when doing some other activity (i.e., using a
           different tool, such as "Text" or "Brush", activating a momentary
           tool, such as "Undo" and "Redo", or returning from a dialog —
           possibly with a new picture when it switches back — such as
           "Open", "New" or "Quit"). In this case, the same Magic tool is
           first 'switched-out', and then 'switched-back-in', usually moments
           later.

           Finally, it can also happen when the user changes the 'mode' of a
           tool (i.e., from paint mode to full-image mode). First switchout()
           is called for the old mode, then switchin() is called for the new
           mode.

           These functions allow users to interact in complicated was with
           Magic tools (for example, a tool that lets the user draw multiple
           freehand strokes, and then uses that as input such as handwriting
           — normally, the user could click somewhere in the canvas to tell
           the Magic tool they are 'finished', but if they switch to another
           tool, the Magic tool may want to undo any temporary changes to the
           canvas).

           These functions could also be used to streamline certain effects;
           a behind-the-scenes copy of the entire canvas could be altered in
           some way when the user first switches to the canvas, and then
           pieces of that copy could be drawn on the canvas when they draw
           with the Magic tool.

           Note: Added to Tux Paint 0.9.21; Magic API version 0x00000002.

   void set_color(magic_api * api, int which, SDL_Surface * canvas,
   SDL_Surface * last, Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b, SDL_Rect * update_rect)

           Tux Paint will call this function to inform the plugin of the RGB
           values of the currently-selected color in Tux Paint's 'Colors'
           palette. (It will be called whenever one of the plugin's Magic
           tools that accept colors becomes active, and whenever the user
           picks a new color while such a tool is currently active.)

           Generally, Magic tools will not alter the canvas in any way when
           receiving an updated color, but it is possible. (For example, the
           "Zoom" and "Perspective" tools apply effects which uses the
           current color choice as a solid background. The effects may be
           adjusted with subsequent click/drag operations, but you may also
           adjust the background color, without altering the zoom level or
           perspective, by simply picking a new color.)

           Note: Changed most recently in Tux Paint 0.9.29; Magic API version
           0x00000007.

   void set_size(magic_api * api, int which, int mode, SDL_Surface * canvas,
   SDL_Surface * last, Uint8 size, SDL_Rect * update_rect)

           Tux Paint will call this function to inform the plugin of the
           'Magic' tool size option chosen. (It will be called whenever one
           of the plugin's Magic tools that accept sizes becomes active, and
           whenever the user picks a new size while such a tool is currently
           active.)

           Generally, Magic tools will not alter the canvas in any way when
           receiving an updated size, but it is possible.

           Note: Added to Tux Paint 0.9.30; Magic API version 0x00000008.

   void click(magic_api * api, int which, int mode, SDL_Surface * snapshot,
   SDL_Surface * canvas, int x, int y, SDL_Rect * update_rect)

           The plugin should apply the appropriate 'Magic' tool on the
           'canvas' surface. The (x,y) coordinates are where the mouse was
           (within the canvas) when the mouse button was clicked, and you are
           told which 'mode' your tool is in (i.e., 'MODE_PAINT' or
           'MODE_FULLSCREEN).

           The plugin should report back what part of the canvas was
           affected, by filling in the (x,y) and (w,h) elements of
           'update_rect'.

           The contents of the drawing canvas immediately prior to the mouse
           button click is stored within the 'snapshot' canvas.

   void drag(magic_api * api, int which, SDL_Surface * snapshot, SDL_Surface
   * canvas, int ox, int oy, int x, int y, SDL_Rect * update_rect)

           The plugin should apply the appropriate 'Magic' tool on the
           'canvas' surface. The (ox,oy) and (x,y) coordinates are the
           location of the mouse at the beginning and end of the stroke.

           Typically, plugins that let the user "draw" effects onto the
           canvas utilize Tux Paint's "line()" 'Magic' tool plugin helper
           function to calculate the points of the line between (ox,oy) and
           (x,y), and call another function within the plugin to apply the
           effect at each point. (See "Tux Paint Functions and Data," below).

           The plugin should report back what part of the canvas was
           affected, by filling in the (x,y) and (w,h) elements of
           'update_rect'.

           Note: The contents of the drawing canvas immediately prior to the
           mouse button click remains as it was (when the plugin's "click()"
           function was called), and is still available in the 'snapshot'
           canvas.

   void release(magic_api * api, int which, SDL_Surface * snapshot,
   SDL_Surface * canvas, int x, int y, SDL_Rect * update_rect)

           The plugin should apply the appropriate 'Magic' tool on the
           'canvas' surface. The (x,y) coordinates are where the mouse was
           (within the canvas) when the mouse button was released.

           The plugin should report back what part of the canvas was
           affected, by filling in the (x,y) and (w,h) elements of
           'update_rect'.

           Note: The contents of the drawing canvas immediately prior to the
           mouse button click remains as it was (when the plugin's "click()"
           function was called), and is still available in the 'snapshot'
           canvas.

Tux Paint Functions and Data

   Tux Paint provides a number of helper functions that plugins may access
   via the "magic_api" structure, sent to all of the plugin's functions. (See
   "Required Plugin Functions," above.)

  Pixel Manipulations

   Uint32 getpixel(SDL_Surface * surf, int x, int y)
           Retreives the pixel value from the (x,y) coordinates of an
           SDL_Surface. (You can use SDL's "SDL_GetRGB()" function to convert
           the Uint32 'pixel' to a set of Uint8 RGB values.)

   void putpixel(SDL_Surface * surf, int x, int y, Uint32 pixel)
           Sets the pixel value at position (x,y) of an SDL_Surface. (You can
           use SDL's "SDL_MapRGB()" function to convert a set of Uint8 RGB
           values to a Uint32 'pixel' value appropriate to the destination
           surface.)

   Uint32 xorpixel(SDL_Surface * surf, int x, int y)
           Applies an XOR (exclusive-or) operation to the pixel at
           coordinates (x,y) of the SDL_Surface. Applying an XOR again at the
           same position will return the pixel to the original value. Useful
           for displaying temporary 'rubberband' lines, outlines, and
           crosshairs, while utilizing a Magic Tool.

   SDL_Surface * scale(SDL_Surface * surf, int w, int h, int keep_aspect)

           This accepts an existing SDL surface and creates a new one scaled
           to an arbitrary size. (The original surface remains untouched.)

           The "keep_aspect" flag can be set to '1' to force the new surface
           to stay the same shape (aspect ratio) as the original, meaning it
           may not be the same width and height you requested. (Check the
           "->w" and "->h" elements of the output "SDL_Surface *" to
           determine the actual size.)

  Helper Functions

   int in_circle(int x, int y, int radius)
           Returns '1' if the (x,y) location is within a circle of a
           particular radius (centered around the origin: (0,0)). Returns '0'
           otherwise. Useful to create 'Magic' tools that affect the canvas
           with a circular brush shape.

   void line(void * api, int which, SDL_Surface * canvas, SDL_Surface *
   snapshot, int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int step, FUNC callback)

           This function calculates all points on a line between the
           coordinates (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). Every 'step' iterations, it calls
           the 'callback' function.

           It sends the 'callback' function the (x,y) coordinates on the
           line, Tux Paint's "magic_api" struct (as a "void *" pointer which
           you need to send to it), a 'which' value, represening which of the
           plugin's 'Magic' tool is being used, and the current and snapshot
           canvases.

           Example prototype of a callback function that may be sent to Tux
           Paint's "line()" 'Magic' tool plugin helper function:

             void exampleCallBack(void * ptr_to_api, int which_tool,
             SDL_Surface * canvas, SDL_Surface * snapshot, int x, int y);

           Example use of the "line()" helper (e.g., within a plugin's draw()
           function):

             api->line((void *) api, which, canvas, snapshot, ox, oy, x, y,
             1, exampleCallBack);

   Uint8 touched(int x, int y)

           This function allows you to avoid re-processing the same pixels
           multiple times when the user drags the mouse across an area of the
           canvas, thus increasing Tux Paint's response time, especially with
           math-heavy effects.

           If your effect's "click()", "drag()" and/or "release()" functions
           take the contents of the source surface ("snapshot") and always
           create the same results in the desintation surface ("canvas"), you
           should wrap the effect in a call to "api->touched()".

           This function simply returns whether or not it had already been
           called for the same (x,y) coordinates, since the user first
           clicked the mouse. In other words, the first time you call it for
           a particular (x,y) coordinate, it returns '0'. Future calls will
           return '1' until the user releases the mouse button.

           Note: Magic effects that continuously affect the destination
           surface ("canvas") (ignoring the "snapshot surface) have no reason
           to use this function. The "Blur" and "Smudge" tools that ship with
           Tux Paint are examples of such effects.

  Informational

   char * tp_version
           A string containing the version of Tux Paint that's running (e.g.,
           "0.9.30").

   int canvas_w
   int canvas_h
           Returns the width (canvas_w) and height (canvas_h) of the drawing
           canvas (in pixels).

   int button_down(void)
           A '1' is returned if the mouse button is down; '0' otherwise.

   char * data_directory

           This string contains the directory where Tux Paint's data files
           are stored. For example, on Linux, this may be
           "/usr/share/tuxpaint/".

           Magic tools should include an icon (see "get_icon()", above) and
           are encouraged to include sound effects, it's useful for plugins
           to know where such things are located.

           When compiling and installing a plugin, the "tp-magic-config"
           command-line tool should be used to determine where such data
           should be placed for the installed version of Tux Paint to find
           them. (See "Installing," below.)

           Note: If your plugin is installed locally (e.g., in your
           "~/.tuxpaint/plugins/" directory), rather than globally
           (system-wide), the "data_directory" value will be different.
           (e.g., "/home/username/.tuxpaint/plugins/data/").

  Tux Paint System Calls

   void update_progress_bar(void)
           Asks Tux Paint to animate and draw one frame of its progress bar
           (at the bottom of the screen). Useful for routines that may take a
           long time, to provide feedback to the user that Tux Paint has not
           crashed or frozen.

   void playsound(Mix_Chunk * snd, int pan, int dist)

           This function plays a sound (one loaded by the SDL helper library
           "SDL_mixer"). It uses SDL_mixer's "Mix_SetPanning()" to set the
           volume of the sound on the left and right speakers, based on the
           'pan' and 'dist' values sent to it.

           A 'pan' of 128 causes the sound to be played at equal volume on
           the left and right speakers. A 'pan' of 0 causes it to be played
           completely on the left, and 255 completely on the right.

           The 'dist' value affects overall volume. 255 is loudest, and 0 is
           silent.

           The 'pan' and 'dist' values can be used to simulate location and
           distance of the 'Magic' tool effect.

   void stopsound(void)
           This function stops playing a sound played by playsound(). It is
           useful to silence effects when the user stops using the tool (in
           your 'release' function).

   void special_notify(int flag)
           This function notifies Tux Paint of special events. Various values
           defined in "tp_magic_api.h" can be 'or'ed together (using C's
           boolean 'or': "|") and sent to this function.

                SPECIAL_FLIP

                        The contents of the canvas has been flipped
                        vertically.

                        If a 'Starter' image was used as the basis of this
                        image, it should be flipped too, and a record of the
                        flip should be stored as part of Tux Paint's undo
                        buffer stack. Additionally, the fact that the starter
                        has been flipped (or unflipped) should be recorded on
                        disk when the current drawing is saved.

                SPECIAL_MIRROR
                        Similar to SPECIAL_FLIP, but for magic tools that
                        mirror the contents of the canvas horizontally.

  Color Conversions

   float sRGB_to_linear(Uint8 srbg)
           Converts an 8-bit sRGB value (one between 0 and 255) to a linear
           floating point value (between 0.0 and 1.0).

   uint8 linear_to_sRGB(float linear)
           Converts a linear floating point value (one between 0.0 and 1.0)
           to an 8-bit sRGB value (between 0 and 255).

   void rgbtohsv(Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b, float * h, float * s, float * v)
           Converts 8-bit sRGB values (between 0 and 255) to floating-point
           HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) values (Hue between 0.0 and 360.0,
           and Saturation and Value between 0.0 and 1.0).

   void hsvtorgb(float h, float s, float v, Uint8 * r, Uint8 * g, Uint8 * b)
           Converts floating-point HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) values
           (Hue between 0.0 and 360.0, and Saturation and Value between 0.0
           and 1.0) to 8-bit sRGB values (between 0 and 255).

   For more information, refer to the sRGB article at Wikipedia and the HSV
   Color Space article at Wikipedia.

Helper Macros in "tp_magic_api.h"

   Along with the "magic_api" C structure containing functions and data
   described above, the tp_magic_api.h C header file also contains some
   helper macros that you may use.

   min(x, y)
   max(x, y)
           The minimum (min) or maxinum (max) of 'x' and 'y'. For example,
           min() will return the value of 'x' if it is less than or equal to
           'y', otherwise it will return 'y'.

   clamp(lo, value, hi)

           A value, clamped to be no smaller than 'lo', and no higher than
           'hi'. (That is, if 'value' is less than 'lo', then 'lo' will be
           used; if 'value' is greater than 'hi', then 'hi' will be used;
           otherwise, 'value' will be used.)

           Example: red = clamp(0, n, 255); will set the variable 'red' to be
           the value of the variable 'n', but without allowing it to become
           less than 0 or greater than 255.

           Note: This macro is simply a #define of:
           "(min(max(value,lo),hi))".

Constant Defintions in "tp_magic_api.h"

   The following is a summary of constant values that are set (via "#define")
   within the 'Magic' tool API header file.

   TP_MAGIC_API_VERSION

           This integer value represents which version of the Tux Paint
           'Magic' tool API the header corresponds to.

           It should be referenced by your magic tool's "api_version()"
           function, to inform the running copy of Tux Paint whether or not
           your plugin is compatible.

           Note: This version number does not correspond to Tux Paint's own
           release number (e.g., "0.9.30"). The API will not change every
           time a new version of Tux Paint is released, which means plugins
           compiled for earlier versions of Tux Paint will often run under
           newer versions.

   SPECIAL_MIRROR
   SPECIAL_FLIP
           These are flags for Tux Paint's "special_notify()" helper
           function. They are described above.

                                   Compiling

Linux and other Unix-like Platforms

   Use the C compiler's "-shared" command-line option to generate a shared
   object file (".so") based on your 'Magic' tool plugin's C source code.

   Use the "tp-magic-config --cflags" command, supplied as part of Tux Paint
   — or in some cases, as part of a "Tux Paint 'Magic' Tool Plugin
   Development package" — to provide additional command-line flags to your C
   compiler that will help it build your plugin.

  Command-Line Example

   As a stand-alone command, using the GNU C Compiler and BASH shell, for
   example:

     $ gcc -shared -fpic `tp-magic-config --cflags` my_plugin.c -o
     my_plugin.so

   Note: The characters around the "tp-magic-config" command are a
   grave/backtick/backquote ("`"), and not an apostrophe/single-quote ("'").
   They tell the shell to execute the command within (in this case,
   "tp-magic-config ..."), and use its output as an argument to the command
   being executed (in this case, "gcc ...").

  Makefile Example

   A snippet from a Makefile to compile a Tux Paint "Magic" tool plugin might
   look like this:

     CFLAGS=-Wall -O2 $(shell tp-magic-config --cflags)

     my_plugin.so: my_plugin.c
         gcc -shared $(CFLAGS) -o my_plugin.so my_plugin.c

   The first line sets up Makefile variable ("CFLAGS") that contains flags
   for the compiler. "-Wall" asks for all compiler warnings to be shown.
   "-O2" asks for level 2 optimization. "($shell tp-magic-config --cflags)"
   runs "tp-magic-config" to retrieve additional compiler flags that "Magic"
   tool plugins require. (The "$(shell ...)" directive is similar to the `
   ("grave") character in the BASH shell examples, above.)

   The next line defines a Makefile target, "my_plugin.so", and states that
   it depends on the C source file "my_plugin.c". (Any time the C file
   changes, "make" will know to recompile it and produce an updated ".so"
   file. If the C file hadn't changed, it won't bother recompiling.)

   The last line defines the command "make" should run when it determines
   that it needs to (re)compile the ".so" file. Here, we're using "gcc", with
   "-shared and "$(CFLAGS)" command-line arguments, like above. "-o
   my_plugin.so" tells the C compiler that the output file should be
   "my_plugin.so". The last argument is the C file to compile, in this case
   "my_plugin.c".

   Note: Commands listed below a Makefile target should be intented using a
   single tab character.

  Advanced Makefile

   An even more generalized Makefile might look like this:

     CFLAGS=-Wall -O2 $(shell tp-magic-config --cflags)

     my_plugin_1.so: my_plugin_1.c
         $(CC) -shared $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

     my_plugin_2.so: my_plugin_2.c
         $(CC) -shared $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

   As before, there are lines that define the command "make" should run when
   it determines that it needs to (re)compile the ".so" file(s). However,
   more general terms are used...

   "$(CC)" gets expanded to your default C compiler (e.g., "gcc"). "-shared"
   and "$(CFLAGS)" are command-line arguments to the compiler, like above.
   "-o $@" tells the C compiler what the output file should be; "make"
   replaces "$@" with the name of the target, in this case "my_plugin_1.so"
   or "my_plugin_2.so". And finally, the last argument is the C file to
   compile; "make" replaces "$<" with the target's dependency, in this case
   "my_plugin_1.c" or "my_plugin_2.c".

Windows

   TBD

macOS

   TBD

                                   Installing

Linux and other Unix-like Platforms

   Use the "tp-magic-config" command-line tool, supplied as part of Tux Paint
   — or in some cases, as part of a "Tux Paint 'Magic' Tool Plugin
   Development package" — to determine where your plugins' files should go.

  Shared Object

   Use "tp-magic-config --pluginprefix" to determine where the plugin shared
   object (".so") files should be installed. The value returned by this
   command will be the global location where the installed copy of Tux Paint
   looks for plugins (e.g., "/usr/lib/tuxpaint/plugins").

   Alternatively, you may use "tp-magic-config --localpluginprefix" to find
   out where Tux Paint expects to find local plugins for the current user
   (e.g., "/home/username/.tuxpaint/plugins").

   As stand-alone commands, using the BASH shell, for example:

     # cp my_plugin.so `tp-magic-config --pluginprefix`
     # chmod 644 `tp-magic-config --pluginprefix`/my_plugin.so

   Note: See the note above regarding the "`" (grave) character.

  Documentation

   Use the "tp-magic-config --plugindocprefix" command to determine where
   documentation for your "Magic" tools should go. The value returned by this
   command will be the location where the documentation to the installed copy
   of Tux Paint is stored. The main documentation includes a link to a folder
   where "Magic" tools' documentation is expected to be installed

   (e.g., "/usr/share/doc/tuxpaint/magic-docs").

   Note: It's best to include both HTML and plain-text versions of your
   documentation. An "html" subdirectory exists within the "magic-docs"
   directory, and is where the HTML versions should go.

   As stand-alone commands, using the BASH shell, for example:

     # cp my_plugin.html `tp-magic-config --plugindocprefix`/html
     # cp my_plugin.txt `tp-magic-config --plugindocprefix`

   Note: See the note above regarding the "`" (grave) character.

   Note: Currently, there is no "--localplugindocprefix" option.

  Icons, Sounds and other Data Files

   Use the "tp-magic-config --dataprefix" command, supplied as part of Tux
   Paint, to determine where data files (PNG icon, Ogg Vorbis sound effects,
   etc.) should be installed. The value returned by this command will be the
   same as the value of the "data_directory" string stored within the
   "magic_api" structure that your plugin's functions receive (e.g.,
   "/usr/share/tuxpaint/").

   For locally-installed plugins (for the current user only), use
   "tp-magic-config --localdataprefix". It will return the value of
   "data_directory" string that locally-installed plugins will see within
   their "magic_api" structure (e.g.,
   "/home/username/.tuxpaint/plugins/data/").

   Note: Tux Paint's default Magic tool plugins install their data within
   "magic" subdirectories of Tux Paint's "images" and "sounds" data
   directories (e.g., "/usr/share/tuxpaint/images/magic/"). You are
   encouraged to do the same.

   As stand-alone commands, using the BASH shell, for example:

     # cp my_plugin_icon.png `tp-magic-config --dataprefix`/images/magic/
     # chmod 644 `tp-magic-config
     --dataprefix`/images/magic/my_plugin_icon.png

   Note: See the note above regarding the "`" (grave) character.

  Putting it Together in a Makefile

   A snippet from a more generalized Makefile might look like this:

     PLUGINPREFIX=$(shell tp-magic-config --pluginprefix)
     PLUGINDOCPREFIX=$(shell tp-magic-config --plugindocprefix)
     DATAPREFIX=$(shell tp-magic-config --dataprefix)

     install:
         #
         # Install plugin
         mkdir -p $(PLUGINPREFIX)
         cp *.so $(PLUGINPREFIX)/
         chmod 644 $(PLUGINPREFIX)/*.so
         #
         # Install icons
         mkdir -p $(DATAPREFIX)/images/magic
         cp icons/*.png $(DATAPREFIX)/images/magic/
         chmod 644 $(DATAPREFIX)/images/magic/*.png
         #
         # Install sound effects
         mkdir -p $(DATAPREFIX)/sounds/magic
         cp sounds/*.ogg $(DATAPREFIX)/sounds/magic/
         chmod 644 $(DATAPREFIX)/sounds/magic/*.ogg
         #
         # Install docs
         mkdir -p $(PLUGINDOCPREFIX)/html
         cp docs/*.html $(PLUGINDOCPREFIX)/html/
         cp docs/*.txt $(PLUGINDOCPREFIX)/
         chmod 644 $(PLUGINDOCPREFIX)/html/*.html
         chmod 644 $(PLUGINDOCPREFIX)/*.txt

   The first three lines set up Makefile variables that contain the paths
   returned by the "tp-magic-config" command-line tool. (The "$(shell ...)"
   directive is similar to the ` ("grave") character in the BASH shell
   examples, above.)

   Below that is an "install" target in the Makefile. (Invoked by, for
   example, "$ sudo make install" or "# make install".)

   The "install" target uses "mkdir -p" to make sure that the plugin
   directory exists, then uses "cp" to copy all plugin (".so") files into it,
   and invokes "chmod" to make sure they are readable.

   It then does a similar series of commands to install icon files (".png"
   images) and sound effects (".ogg" files) into subdirectories within Tux
   Paint's data directory, and to install documentation (".html" and ".txt"
   files) within Tux Paint's documentation directory.

   Note: The above Makefile example assumes the user will have priveleges to
   install Tux Paint plugins system-wide.

Windows

   TBD

macOS

   TBD

                     Creating plugins with multiple effects

   Plugins for Tux Paint may contain more than one effect. If you have
   multiple effects that are similar, it may make sense to place them in one
   plugin file, to reduce overhead and share code.

   These following suggestions can help you create plugins that contain
   multiple effects:
     * Use a C "enum" to enumerate the effects, and count them.

         enum {
             ONE_TOOL,
             ANOTHER_TOOL,
             AND_YET_ANOTHER_TOOL,
             NUM_TOOLS };

     * Return the value of "NUM_TOOLS" when "get_tool_count()" is called, and
       compare "which" values sent to other functions with the other
       enumerated values.
     * Create arrays of "NUM_TOOLS" length to contain effect-specific data.

         char * my_plugin_snd_filenames[NUM_TOOLS] = {
             "one.ogg", "another.ogg", "yet_another.ogg" };
         Mix_Chunk * my_plugin_snds[NUM_TOOLS]") ?>;

     * Use a C "for"-loop to load or create the effect-specific data (such as
       loading sound effects during your "init()").

         int i;
         char fname[1024];

         for (i = 0; i < NUM_TOOLS; i++)
         {
             /* Becomes, for example,
         "/usr/share/tuxpaint/sounds/magic/one.ogg" */

             snprintf(fname, sizeof(fname), "%s/sounds/magic/%s",
                 api->data_prefix, my_plugin_snd_filenames[i]);

             my_plugin_snds[i] = Mix_LoadWAV(fname);
         }

     * Similarly, do the same to free them later (such as freeing sound
       effects during your "shutdown()").

             int i;

             for (i = 0; i < NUM_TOOLS; i++)
                 Mix_FreeChunk(my_plugin_snds[i]);

     * Use "which" values sent to your functions as an index into those
       arrays (e.g., for playing the appropriate sound effect for a tool).

   Note: Even if your plugin currently contains only one effect, it may be
   useful to follow the steps above so that you can add a new variation of an
   effect with little effort. ("NUM_TOOLS" will simply be '1', your arrays
   will be of length '1', etc.)

                                  Example Code

   The C source file "tp_magic_example.c" contains a complete example of a
   plugin with multiple simple effects.

                                  Getting Help

   For more information, check the Tux Paint website: https://tuxpaint.org/,
   and the Simple DirectMedia Layer library website: http://www.libsdl.org/.

   Additionally, other Tux Paint developers and users can be found on the
   "tuxpaint-devel" and "tuxpaint-users" mailing lists:
   https://tuxpaint.org/lists/.

                                    Glossary

     * alpha: See "RGBA"
     * &: See "ampersand"
     * ampersand (pointers): "&". A symbol in C that allows you to refer to
       the memory address of a variable; that is, a pointer. (For example,
       consider "int i;". Later, "&i" refers to the memory where "i" is
       stored, not the value of "i" itself; it is a 'pointer to "i"'.) See
       also: "star"
     * ampersand (bitwise operator): "&". A symbol in C that acts as a
       bitwise "and" operator. Only bits set in both values will be returned.
       For example, "11 & 6" compares the binary values '1011' to '0110'.
       Only the bit in the 2's place is set, so the result is 2 ('0010'). See
       also: "bit"
     * API: Application Programming Interface. TBD
     * argument: A value sent to a function.
     * arrow: "->". A symbol in C that references an element within a pointer
       to a struct.
     * backquote: See "grave"
     * backtick: See "grave"
     * bit: "Binary digit." Bits are the basic storage unit in a computer's
       memory, disk, networking, etc. They represent either 0 or 1. (Compared
       to a decimal digit, which can be anything between 0 and 9.) Just as a
       series of decimal digits can represent a larger number (e.g., "1" and
       "5" is fifteen (15)), so can bits (e.g., "1" and "0", is two). In
       decimal, we go from right to left: ones place, tens place, hundreds
       place, thousands place, etc. In binary, it is: ones place, twos place,
       fours place, eights place, etc. See also: "byte"
     * blue: See "RGBA"
     * boolean 'or': A mathematical operation that results in a true value if
       either operand is true. ("1 | 0", "0 | 1" and "1 | 1" all result in
       "1". "0 | 0" results in "0".)
     * |: See "boolean 'or'"
     * .: See "dot"
     * `: See "grave"
     * *: See "star"
     * byte: A unit of memory made up of 8 bits. As a signed value, it can
       represent -128 through 127. As an unsigned value, it can represent 0
       through 255. As a series of bits, for example, the byte "00001100"
       represents the decimal value 12.
     * callback: TBD
     * C enumeration: A construct in C that allows you to label numeric
       values (usually starting at 0 and incrementing by one). (e.g., "enum {
       ONE, TWO, THREE };"
     * C function: TBD
     * C function prototype: TBD
     * C header file: TBD
     * channel: TBD
     * click: The action of pressing a button on a mouse.
     * coordinates: A set of numbers corresponding to a physical position;
       for example, in a two-dimensional (2D) image, "X" and "Y" coordinates
       specify the position across (left-to-right) and down the image,
       respectively. In SDL, the coordinates (0,0) is the top-leftmost pixel
       of a surface.
     * C pointer: A variable that contains the location of a piece of memory;
       usually used to 'point' to another variable. Since C functions can
       only return one value as a result, pointers are often sent to
       functions to allow the function to change the values of multiple
       variables. (For example, Tux Paint's "rgbtohsv()" and "hsvtorgb()".)
     * C structure: A construct in C that allows you to declare a new
       variable 'type' which may contain other types within. For example,
       SDL's "SDL_Rect" contains four integer values, the coordinates of the
       rectangle (X,Y), and its dimensions (width and height).
     * #define: A C statement that defines a substitution that can occur
       later in the code. Generally used for constant values (e.g., "#define
       RADIUS 16"; all instances of "RADIUS" will be replaced with "16"), but
       can also be used to create macros. Typically placed within C header
       files.
     * dimensions: The size of an object, in terms of its width (left to
       right) and height (top to bottom).
     * .dll: See "Shared Object"
     * dot: ".". A symbol in C that references an element within a struct.
     * drag: The action of moving a mouse while the button remains held.
     * element: A variable stored within a C structure. (Example: "w" and "h"
       elements of SDL_Surface store the surface's width and height,
       respectively.)
     * enum: See "C enumeration"
     * float: See "floating point"
     * floating point: TBD
     * format: An SDL_Surface element (a pointer to an SDL_PixelFormat
       structure) that contains information about a surface; for example, the
       number of bits used to represent each pixel). See also the
       "SDL_PixelFormat(3)" man page)
     * free(): A C function that frees (deallocates) memory allocated by
       other C functions (such as "strdup()").
     * function: See "C function"
     * gcc: The GNU C compiler, a portable Open Source compiler. See also the
       "gcc(1)" man page)
     * GIMP: An Open Source image manipulation and paint program.
     * GNU C Compiler: See "gcc"
     * grave: The "`" character; used by the BASH shell to use the output of
       a command as the command-line arguments to another.
     * green: See "RGBA"
     * ->: See "arrow"
     * .h: See "C header file"
     * header: See "C header file"
     * header file: See "C header file"
     * HSV: Hue, Saturation and Value. TBD
     * hue: See "HSV"
     * IMG_Load(): An SDL_image function that loads an image file (e.g., a
       PNG) and returns it as an "SDL_Surface *".
     * #include: A C statement that asks the compiler to read the contents of
       another file (usually a header file).
     * int: See "integer"
     * integer: TBD
     * libSDL: See "Simple DirectMedia Layer"
     * linear: TBD
     * macro: A C construct that looks similar to a C function, but is simply
       a #define that is expanded 'inline'. For example, if you declared the
       macro "#define ADD(A,B) ((A)+(B))", and then used it with "c =
       ADD(1,2);", that line of code would literally expand to "c = ((1) +
       (2));", or more simply, "c = 1 + 2;".
     * magic_api: A C structure that is passed along to a plugin's functions
       that exposes data and functions within the running copy of Tux Paint.
     * make: A utility that automatically determines which pieces of a larger
       program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to recompile
       them. See also: "Makefile"
     * Makefile: A text file used by the "make" utility; it describes the
       relationships among files in your program, and the commands for
       updating each file. (For example, to compile a human-readable
       source-code file into a computer-readable executable program file.)
     * Magic tool: One of a number of effects or drawing tools in Tux Paint,
       made available via the "Magic" tool button.
     * Mix_Chunk *: (A pointer to) a C structure defined by SDL_mixer that
       contains a sound.
     * Mix_FreeChunk(): An SDL_mixer function that frees (deallocates) memory
       allocated for an SDL_mixer sound 'chunk' ("Mix_Chunk *").
     * Mix_LoadWAV(): An SDL_mixer function that loads a sound file (WAV, Ogg
       Vorbis, etc.) and returns it as a "Mix_Chunk *".
     * namespace: TBD
     * .ogg: See "Ogg Vorbis"
     * Ogg Vorbis: See also: "WAV"
     * Plugin: TBD
     * .png: Portable Network Graphics. An extensible file format for the
       lossless, portable, well-compressed storage of raster images. It's the
       file format Tux Paint uses to save images, and for its brushes and
       stamps. It's an easy way to store 32bpp RGBA images (24bpp true color
       with full 8bpp alpha transparency), excellent for use in graphics
       programs like Tux Paint. See also the "png(5)" man page)
     * pointer: See "C pointer"
     * prototype: See "C function prototype"
     * red: See "RGBA"
     * release: The action of releasing a button on a mouse.
     * RGBA: "Red, Green, Blue, Alpha." TBD
     * RGB: See "RGBA"
     * saturation: See "HSV"
     * SDL: See "Simple DirectMedia Layer"
     * SDL_FreeSurface(): An libSDL function that frees (deallocates) memory
       allocated for an SDL surface ("SDL_Surface *"). See also the
       "SDL_FreeSurface(3)" man page)
     * SDL_GetRGB(): A libSDL function that, given a Uint32 pixel value
       (e.g., one returned from the Tux Paint's Magic tool API helper
       function "getpixel()"), the format of the surface the pixel was taken
       from, and pointers to three Uint8 variables, will place the Red, Green
       and Blue (RGB) values of the pixel into the three Uint8 variables.
       (Example: "SDL_GetRGB(getpixel(surf, x, y), surf->format, &r, &g,
       &b);".) See also the "SDL_GetRGB(3)" man page)
     * SDL_MapRGB(): A libSDL function that, given the format of a surface
       and Uint8 values representing Red, Green and Blue values for a pixel,
       returns a Uint32 pixel value that can be placed in the surface (e.g.,
       using Tux Paint's Magic tool API helper function "putpixel()").
       (Example: "putpixel(surf, x, y, SDL_MapRGB(surf->format, r, g, b));".)
       See also the "SDL_MapRGB(3)" man page)
     * SDL_image: A library on top of libSDL that can load various kinds of
       image files (e.g., PNG) and return them as an "SDL_Surface *".
     * SDL_mixer: A library on top of libSDL that can load various kinds of
       sound files (WAV, Ogg Vorbis, etc.) and play back multiple sounds at
       once (mix them).
     * SDL_Rect: A C structure defined by libSDL that represents a
       rectangular area. It contains elements representing the coordinates of
       the top left corner of the rectange (x,y) and the dimensions of the
       rectangle (w,h). See also the "SDL_Rect(3)" man page)
     * SDL_Surface *: (A pointer to) a C structure defined by libSDL that
       contains a drawing surface. See also the "SDL_Surface(3)" man page)
     * Shared Object: A piece of code that's compiled separately from the
       main application, and loaded dynamically, at runtime.
     * Simple DirectMedia Layer: A programming library that allows programs
       portable low level access to a video framebuffer, audio output, mouse,
       and keyboard. (See also: http://www.libsdl.org/)
     * snprintf(): A C function, related to "printf()", which takes a
       'format' string and one or more additional arguments, and puts them
       together. "snprintf()" takes the resulting output and stores it into a
       string, making sure not to go beyond the string's buffer size (which
       must also be supplied). For example, assume a string "char str[20];"
       has been declared; "snprintf(str, 20, "Name: %s, Age: %d", "Bill",
       "32");" will store "Name: Bill, Age: 32" into 'str'. See also the
       "snprintf(3)" man page)
     * .so: See "Shared Object"
     * sRBG: See "RGBA"
     * star: "*". A symbol in C that, when used in the declaration of
       variables (e.g., arguments to a function), denotes that the variable
       is a pointer. (For example, "int * p;" means that "p" is a pointer to
       an integer.) When used next to a pointer, it 'dereferences' the
       variable. (For example, later "*p = 50;" assigns the value of 50 to
       the memory that "p" points to; it does not change the value of "p",
       which is still a pointer to an integer. In essence, it changed the
       integer that's being pointed to.) See also: "ampersand"
     * strdup(): A C function that allocates enough memory to store a copy of
       a string, copies the string to it, and returns a "char *" pointer to
       the new copy. See also the "strdup(3)" man page)
     * struct: See "C structure"
     * tp_magic_api.h: A header file that defines Tux Paint's Magic tool API.
       Plugins must '#include' it.
     * tp-magic-config: A command-line program that provides information
       about the installed version of Tux Paint to plugin developers (such as
       what C compiler flags they should compile with, and where plugin
       shared objects and data files should be installed). See also the
       "tp-magic-config(3)" man page)
     * Uint32: A 32-bit, unsigned integer (defined by libSDL). In other
       words, four bytes that can represent 0 through 4294967295. (Typically
       used to hold enough information to store three or four bytes
       representing a pixel's color; i.e., RBGA value).
     * Uint8: An 8-bit, unsigned integer (defined by libSDL). In other words,
       a byte that can represent 0 through 255.
     * unsigned: In C, a variable that can store a numeric value can be
       declared as either "signed" (the default), or "unsigned". In the
       former case, one bit of the value is used to denote the sign of the
       value (either positive or negative). In the latter case, the value can
       only be positive, but benefits from one extra bit of storage for the
       number. A signed byte (8 bits), for example, can represent any number
       between -128 and 127. An unsigned byte can go up to 255, but it cannot
       go below 0. For the purposes of graphics in SDL, unsigned values
       should be used for RGB values, since each channel (red, green and
       blue) may be between 0 (off) and 255 (brightest).
     * value: See "HSV"
     * variable: A construct in computer programming that contains a value
       which can be referenced again later by referring to the variable's
       name, and typically changed later. For example, a variable to hold
       someone's age could be declared as an integer: "int a;". It can be
       examined later: "if (a >= 18) { /* they are an adult */ } else { /*
       they are not an adult */ }".
     * .wav: See also: "Ogg Vorbis"
     * (w,h): See "Dimensions"
     * (x,y): See "Coordinates"
